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Chicago Citations

How to format citations with examples for Notes Bibliography and Author-Date systems

Notes Bibliography System

The Notes Bibliography (NB) System uses footnotes or endnotes. When using NB, keep in mind:

  • Superscript numbers are placed after paraphrase or quoted information corresponding to footnote or endnote citation.
  • The footnote or endnote is comprised of a complete citation that corresponds to a citation at the end of the paper in the Bibliography
    • Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page below a separator line.
    • Endnotes appear on separate page(s) at the end of work, but before Bibliography.
    • Footnote or endnote citations have slight differences to Bibliography citations (see "Bibliography page" below for differences).
  • Whether footnote or endnote, A note citation includes
    • number that corresponds to superscript number within text
    • author's name listed first name, last name
    • use commas between elements
    • elements include:
      • title of work
      • publisher (when applicable)
      • volume, issue (when applicable)
      • year
      • DOI (object's unique digital identifier if online)
  •  If using the same source multiple times within paper, a shortened citation is used in the following footnotes after the first instance that contains:
    • author's last name and
    • keyword: a word (usually from the title) that distinguishes this sources so the reader can find it in Bibliography.

Bibliography Page

The Bibliography page includes the list of your full citations slightly adjusted from the format within the Notes citations. The format includes all the elements of the Notes citation, however, it is distinguished by:

  • alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry 
  • author's name is listed last name, first name
  • periods instead of commas between elements within citation
  • double space throughout

 

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